500 Responses to Common Academic Problems

Teachers
by Matthew Lynch -

Table of Contents

  1. Study Habits and Time Management
  2. Note-Taking and Information Retention
  3. Research and Writing Challenges
  4. Exam Preparation and Test Anxiety
  5. Group Projects and Collaboration
  6. Subject-Specific Challenges
  7. Motivation and Focus Issues
  8. Academic Integrity
  9. Professor Interactions and Feedback
  10. Mental Health and Stress Management

Study Habits and Time Management

Scheduling and Planning

  1. Create a weekly schedule with dedicated study blocks
  2. Use a planner or digital calendar to track all deadlines
  3. Prioritize tasks using an urgency-importance matrix
  4. Break large projects into smaller, manageable milestones
  5. Schedule study sessions during your peak energy hours
  6. Create buffer time between tasks for unexpected delays
  7. Review and adjust your schedule weekly for effectiveness
  8. Set specific goals for each study session
  9. Use time-blocking techniques to maintain focus
  10. Create a semester-long overview of all major assignments
  11. Schedule regular weekly review sessions
  12. Alternate between difficult and easier subjects
  13. Allocate time proportionally to subject difficulty
  14. Schedule breaks between study sessions
  15. Use a timer for focused study intervals
  16. Prioritize morning hours for complex subjects
  17. Create a dedicated study environment for each subject
  18. Include transition time between different subjects
  19. Schedule consistent sleep and wake times
  20. Plan meals and exercise around study sessions
  21. Block distracting websites during scheduled study times
  22. Create specific daily to-do lists from weekly goals
  23. Schedule regular check-ins on long-term projects
  24. Allocate buffer days before major deadlines
  25. Maintain a master task list separate from daily to-dos

Procrastination Solutions

  1. Use the 5-minute rule: commit to just starting for 5 minutes
  2. Identify and address the root cause of your procrastination
  3. Break overwhelming tasks into smaller, less intimidating parts
  4. Create artificial deadlines and share them with accountability partners
  5. Remove distractions from your environment before starting
  6. Use procrastination as a signal to reassess your priorities
  7. Visualize the consequences of not completing the task
  8. Reward yourself after completing difficult tasks
  9. Use a distraction log to note and postpone off-task thoughts
  10. Start with the hardest task first (eat the frog)
  11. Create a pre-work ritual to signal your brain it’s time to focus
  12. Use the Pomodoro technique (25 minutes work, 5 minutes break)
  13. Schedule procrastination time for low-value distractions
  14. Reduce decision fatigue by planning tasks the night before
  15. Use implementation intentions: “When X happens, I will do Y”
  16. Address perfectionism by setting time limits for tasks
  17. Find an accountability partner for regular check-ins
  18. Use website blockers during dedicated work times
  19. Change your study environment to reset focus
  20. Practice mindfulness when procrastination urges arise
  21. Create a visual progress tracker for major projects
  22. Use task batching for similar types of work
  23. Start with a small, easy task to build momentum
  24. Identify your prime procrastination triggers and plan around them
  25. Use the two-minute rule: if it takes less than two minutes, do it now

Concentration and Focus Techniques

  1. Practice mindfulness meditation to improve concentration
  2. Use noise-canceling headphones in distracting environments
  3. Try background music without lyrics for better focus
  4. Create a dedicated, clutter-free study space
  5. Turn off notifications on all devices while studying
  6. Use the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look 20 feet away for 20 seconds
  7. Stay hydrated to maintain optimal brain function
  8. Practice deep breathing exercises before study sessions
  9. Try different study environments to find what works best
  10. Use a focus app to track and improve concentration time
  11. Place your phone in another room during study sessions
  12. Create a “distraction parking lot” for wandering thoughts
  13. Use browser extensions that limit time on distracting websites
  14. Implement “monotasking” instead of attempting to multitask
  15. Set clear intentions for each study session
  16. Try using a standing desk to increase alertness
  17. Use fidget tools to channel restless energy
  18. Create a study ritual to signal your brain it’s focus time
  19. Practice visualization techniques before difficult study sessions
  20. Use the “one more page” technique to extend focus when tired
  21. Experiment with aromatherapy (peppermint or rosemary) for alertness
  22. Track your focus patterns to identify optimal study times
  23. Use a visual timer to stay aware of time passing
  24. Apply the “3-2-1” technique: 3 hours, 2 subjects, 1 break
  25. Create environmental cues that signal “study mode” to your brain

Note-Taking and Information Retention

Effective Note-Taking Strategies

  1. Try the Cornell method for organized, reviewable notes
  2. Use mind mapping for visual learners and concept connections
  3. Implement the outlining method for hierarchical information
  4. Try color-coding notes by concept or importance
  5. Record lectures (with permission) for later review
  6. Develop a personal shorthand for faster note-taking
  7. Leave space in notes for later additions and connections
  8. Create summary sections at the end of each page
  9. Practice active listening before writing anything down
  10. Use symbols and arrows to show relationships between concepts
  11. Try the boxing method to separate main ideas from details
  12. Create a table of contents for extensive notes
  13. Write questions in margins to test understanding later
  14. Use post-lecture review to fill gaps in notes
  15. Try digital note-taking apps with search functionality
  16. Create a separate section for unfamiliar terms and concepts
  17. Compare notes with classmates to identify missed information
  18. Use visual note-taking with diagrams and illustrations
  19. Implement the sentence method for technical subjects
  20. Try voice-to-text for capturing quick thoughts
  21. Use templates for consistent note organization
  22. Practice the Feynman technique by explaining concepts in your notes
  23. Create a reaction column for personal insights about material
  24. Use sticky notes for important formulas or definitions
  25. Develop a system of icons for different types of information

Memory Techniques and Retention

  1. Use spaced repetition software for long-term retention
  2. Create flashcards for key concepts and review regularly
  3. Apply the memory palace technique for sequential information
  4. Use chunking to group related information
  5. Create meaningful acronyms for lists or processes
  6. Practice active recall instead of passive re-reading
  7. Create connections between new information and existing knowledge
  8. Teach concepts to others to solidify understanding
  9. Use visualization techniques for abstract concepts
  10. Create songs or rhymes for difficult-to-remember information
  11. Write summaries in your own words after each study session
  12. Use physical gestures to associate with key concepts
  13. Create practice tests based on your notes
  14. Use interval training: review after 1 day, 3 days, 1 week
  15. Apply the interleaving technique by mixing related topics
  16. Create concept maps showing relationships between ideas
  17. Use analogies to connect new information to familiar concepts
  18. Implement dual coding by combining visual and verbal information
  19. Practice retrieval before checking your notes
  20. Create “why” questions about the material to deepen understanding
  21. Use mnemonic devices for ordered lists or sequences
  22. Create narrative stories connecting abstract concepts
  23. Implement the link method for connecting sequential items
  24. Apply elaborative interrogation by asking “How?” and “Why?”
  25. Use the cognitive load theory by focusing on one concept at a time

Research and Writing Challenges

Finding and Evaluating Sources

  1. Start with the library databases rather than general internet searches
  2. Use Boolean operators to refine database searches
  3. Check the author’s credentials and affiliations
  4. Examine the publication date for currency
  5. Look for peer-reviewed sources for academic credibility
  6. Evaluate potential bias in the source’s perspective
  7. Check the bibliography to find additional relevant sources
  8. Use citation tracking to find newer related research
  9. Start with review articles for unfamiliar topics
  10. Verify statistical claims against original data sources
  11. Use subject-specific databases for specialized research
  12. Check if sources are primary, secondary, or tertiary
  13. Evaluate the methodology of research studies
  14. Compare information across multiple sources
  15. Use Google Scholar’s cited by feature for related research
  16. Check for funding sources that might influence results
  17. Look for consensus across the field versus outlier positions
  18. Use filtering tools to narrow search results effectively
  19. Create a source evaluation checklist for consistency
  20. Consult your professor for recommended sources
  21. Check institutional repositories for relevant theses
  22. Evaluate the intended audience of the source
  23. Use advanced search features to find specific types of sources
  24. Create a research log to track source quality and usefulness
  25. Consult a librarian for help with difficult research questions

Writing Process Strategies

  1. Create a detailed outline before starting to write
  2. Use free writing to overcome initial blank page paralysis
  3. Break the writing process into multiple stages
  4. Set specific daily word count goals
  5. Create a reverse outline after drafting to check structure
  6. Start with the easiest sections to build momentum
  7. Schedule short, frequent writing sessions rather than marathons
  8. Use placeholders for citations to maintain writing flow
  9. Create topic sentences first, then develop paragraphs
  10. Read your writing aloud to catch awkward phrasing
  11. Use text-to-speech to hear your writing differently
  12. Create a personal style guide for consistency
  13. Keep a running list of ideas while writing
  14. Use templates for common academic paper structures
  15. Schedule cooling-off periods between drafts
  16. Get feedback on specific aspects rather than general opinions
  17. Create a checklist of common personal writing errors
  18. Practice recursive writing instead of linear progression
  19. Use different colors for different drafting stages
  20. Try writing in a different physical environment when stuck
  21. Set a timer for focused writing sprints
  22. Create a dedicated writing ritual to signal focus
  23. Separate research, writing, and editing phases
  24. Use sentence templates for academic conventions
  25. Keep a writing journal to track progress and insights

Editing and Revision

  1. Read your paper backward to focus on sentence-level errors
  2. Create a personal editing checklist specific to your common mistakes
  3. Use different editing passes for content, structure, and grammar
  4. Ask specific questions about your paper’s argument and evidence
  5. Use text-to-speech tools to hear problems you might miss reading
  6. Check for overuse of passive voice and nominalizations
  7. Verify all references match citations and style guide requirements
  8. Look for paragraph unity and coherence between paragraphs
  9. Create a “reverse outline” from your completed draft
  10. Check for balanced coverage of counterarguments
  11. Verify logical connections between claims and evidence
  12. Use editing tools like Grammarly but verify all suggestions
  13. Identify and eliminate unnecessary qualifiers and hedging
  14. Check for consistent terminology throughout the paper
  15. Verify all claims are properly supported by evidence
  16. Look for repetitive sentence structures and vary them
  17. Check for appropriate academic tone and formality
  18. Review for proper transitions between major sections
  19. Verify that abstract/introduction promises match conclusion delivery
  20. Look for unintentional bias in language or framing
  21. Verify all tables and figures are properly labeled and referenced
  22. Check for proper integration of quotations into your writing
  23. Review for overuse of quotations versus paraphrasing
  24. Verify adherence to department or publication style guidelines
  25. Get feedback from readers of varying familiarity with the topic

Exam Preparation and Test Anxiety

Study Strategies for Different Exam Types

  1. For multiple-choice exams, practice with sample questions
  2. For essay exams, outline potential responses to likely questions
  3. For math exams, practice solving problems under time constraints
  4. For open-book exams, create an organized reference system
  5. For oral exams, practice explaining concepts aloud
  6. For cumulative exams, create progressive study schedules
  7. For case studies, practice applying theories to novel scenarios
  8. Create concept maps showing relationships between key topics
  9. Practice predicting exam questions based on course emphasis
  10. Create and use flashcards systematically with spaced repetition
  11. Form study groups for different perspectives on material
  12. Create cheat sheets (even if not allowed in exams) to synthesize information
  13. Practice with past exams if available
  14. Teach concepts to others to verify understanding
  15. Create visual aids for complex processes or relationships
  16. Use practice tests to identify knowledge gaps
  17. Create summary sheets for each major topic
  18. Practice speed drills for computation-heavy exams
  19. Use the “empty page” technique to practice recall
  20. Create acronyms or memory aids for complex sequences
  21. Practice applying concepts to new situations
  22. Create flowcharts for decision-making processes
  23. Use interleaved practice rather than blocked practice
  24. Schedule mock exams under realistic conditions
  25. Create question-answer pairs for self-testing

Managing Test Anxiety

  1. Practice deep breathing techniques before and during exams
  2. Use progressive muscle relaxation to reduce physical tension
  3. Implement positive visualization of successful test performance
  4. Create and use positive self-talk statements
  5. Practice mindfulness meditation regularly before exam period
  6. Maintain proper sleep hygiene especially night before exam
  7. Use exposure therapy by simulating exam conditions during practice
  8. Implement cognitive restructuring for catastrophic thoughts
  9. Use the 5-4-3-2-1 grounding technique during anxiety spikes
  10. Develop pre-exam routines to signal readiness to your brain
  11. Practice self-compassion when experiencing anxiety symptoms
  12. Use guided imagery for relaxation before exams
  13. Try aerobic exercise before studying to reduce anxiety
  14. Implement proper nutrition and hydration on exam day
  15. Use worry time: schedule specific times to address exam concerns
  16. Create a worry list and scheduled solutions for specific concerns
  17. Practice realistic assessment of consequences of different outcomes
  18. Use anxiety as information rather than a threat
  19. Try expressive writing about exam fears before test day
  20. Use body scanning techniques to identify and release tension
  21. Implement mental rehearsal of the entire exam experience
  22. Create coping cards with strategies for use during exams
  23. Use aromatherapy (lavender) for calming effects before exams
  24. Avoid catastrophizing language when thinking about exams
  25. Recognize and challenge perfectionist expectations

Group Projects and Collaboration

Effective Team Dynamics

  1. Establish clear roles and responsibilities from the start
  2. Create a team contract outlining expectations and consequences
  3. Schedule regular check-in meetings with specific agendas
  4. Use collaborative tools for document sharing and tracking
  5. Establish communication norms and preferred channels
  6. Create a shared project timeline with clear milestones
  7. Implement a system for tracking individual contributions
  8. Use conflict resolution protocols for disagreements
  9. Practice active listening during team discussions
  10. Establish decision-making processes (consensus, majority, etc.)
  11. Create accountability systems for meeting deadlines
  12. Leverage individual strengths when assigning tasks
  13. Schedule regular progress updates to prevent last-minute crises
  14. Use retrospective sessions to improve team processes
  15. Create backup plans for potential obstacles
  16. Practice giving constructive feedback to team members
  17. Establish a system for integrating individual work products
  18. Create guidelines for peer review of team contributions
  19. Use facilitation techniques for efficient meetings
  20. Implement shared note-taking for team meetings
  21. Create strategies for integrating diverse perspectives
  22. Establish procedures for handling absent team members
  23. Use visual management tools to track project progress
  24. Create templates for consistent work products
  25. Implement strategies for acknowledging team member contributions

Handling Difficult Team Situations

  1. Address free-rider issues through direct, private conversation
  2. Document all team communications for accountability
  3. Use the “I” statement format when addressing conflicts
  4. Implement mediation processes for persistent disagreements
  5. Create contingency plans for missing team members
  6. Use process observation to identify dysfunctional team patterns
  7. Establish clear boundaries for workload distribution
  8. Practice depersonalizing conflicts to focus on issues
  9. Create escalation procedures for unresolved conflicts
  10. Use third-party perspectives for difficult team dynamics
  11. Implement specific strategies for dominant team members
  12. Create safe spaces for quieter members to contribute
  13. Use written formats for sensitive feedback exchange
  14. Implement structured turn-taking for balanced participation
  15. Create procedures for revisiting and revising team decisions
  16. Use check-in rounds to monitor team member satisfaction
  17. Create protocols for integrating contradictory viewpoints
  18. Implement paired work for complex or challenging components
  19. Use anonymous feedback mechanisms for sensitive issues
  20. Create strategies for supporting struggling team members
  21. Implement clear procedures for quality control
  22. Use role rotation to build empathy and understanding
  23. Create documentation standards for knowledge transfer
  24. Implement regular team-building activities
  25. Use appreciative inquiry for positive team development

Subject-Specific Challenges

Mathematics and Quantitative Subjects

  1. Create a formula sheet organized by concept
  2. Practice solving problems without looking at examples
  3. Work through problems step-by-step without skipping
  4. Form study groups with peers of similar abilities
  5. Seek multiple approaches to solving the same problem
  6. Use visual representations for abstract concepts
  7. Create connections between formulas and real-world applications
  8. Review prerequisite concepts before tackling new material
  9. Practice explaining mathematical reasoning aloud
  10. Use dimensional analysis to verify answer reasonableness
  11. Create personalized error logs to track common mistakes
  12. Use manipulatives for difficult abstract concepts
  13. Implement daily math practice even if brief
  14. Create concept maps for interconnected mathematical ideas
  15. Use online tutorials for alternative explanations
  16. Apply time constraints during practice to build speed
  17. Create color-coded notes for different types of problems
  18. Practice working backwards from answers
  19. Create problem-solving flowcharts for complex procedures
  20. Use physical movements to understand spatial concepts
  21. Implement spaced repetition for formula memorization
  22. Create conceptual questions alongside computational practice
  23. Use analogies to connect new concepts to familiar ones
  24. Create progressive problem sets from simple to complex
  25. Use peer teaching to solidify understanding

Language and Writing-Intensive Courses

  1. Create a personal style guide for writing conventions
  2. Practice daily free writing to develop fluency
  3. Use vocabulary flashcards with context sentences
  4. Create etymology maps for unfamiliar terminology
  5. Practice paraphrasing complex academic passages
  6. Use sentence templates for academic writing conventions
  7. Create argument maps for analytical essays
  8. Practice reading aloud for rhythm and fluency
  9. Create personal dictionaries of disciplinary terms
  10. Use text annotations to engage actively with readings
  11. Create writing prompts based on course readings
  12. Practice summarizing articles in progressively fewer words
  13. Use peer review for writing assignment drafts
  14. Create outlines before writing substantive papers
  15. Practice identifying and correcting common grammar errors
  16. Use writing center resources for objective feedback
  17. Create revision checklists for common personal errors
  18. Practice identifying logical fallacies in arguments
  19. Use model papers to understand genre conventions
  20. Create terminology crosswords for concept reinforcement
  21. Practice writing in different academic genres
  22. Use text-to-speech for proofreading written work
  23. Create thesis statement templates for different types of papers
  24. Practice critical reading with structured response questions
  25. Use concept mapping for literature analysis

Laboratory and Applied Sciences

  1. Create pre-lab preparation checklists
  2. Practice equipment setup and calibration procedures
  3. Create flowcharts for experimental procedures
  4. Use concept mapping to connect theory with lab applications
  5. Practice writing clear, concise lab notes
  6. Create troubleshooting guides for common lab problems
  7. Use visualizations for molecular or microscopic processes
  8. Practice estimating experimental error sources
  9. Create checklists for lab safety procedures
  10. Use simulations to practice experimental techniques
  11. Create personal reference sheets for lab equipment
  12. Practice data analysis with sample datasets
  13. Use concept questions to connect lab work with theory
  14. Create templates for different sections of lab reports
  15. Practice drawing accurate scientific diagrams
  16. Use peer review for draft lab reports
  17. Create personalized glossaries of technical terms
  18. Practice interpreting unexpected experimental results
  19. Use video demonstrations for complex techniques
  20. Create mental models for abstract scientific processes
  21. Practice statistical analysis of experimental data
  22. Use error analysis to improve experimental design
  23. Create visual aids for multistep procedures
  24. Practice scientific writing in various formats
  25. Use structured reflection to connect labs with lectures

Motivation and Focus Issues

Overcoming Academic Burnout

  1. Implement regular academic breaks and true leisure time
  2. Use the Pomodoro technique (25 min work, 5 min break)
  3. Create a balanced schedule including physical activity
  4. Practice mindfulness meditation for mental restoration
  5. Implement regular sleep hygiene practices
  6. Use nature exposure for attention restoration
  7. Create meaningful rewards for completing difficult tasks
  8. Practice gratitude journaling about educational opportunities
  9. Use visualization techniques for academic goals
  10. Implement regular social connection unrelated to academics
  11. Create a personal burnout prevention plan
  12. Use progressive goal setting to build momentum
  13. Practice self-compassion during difficult academic periods
  14. Create boundaries between work and rest spaces
  15. Use cognitive reframing for academic challenges
  16. Implement regular assessment of workload sustainability
  17. Use structured downtime to prevent guilt during breaks
  18. Create connection to personal purpose in education
  19. Practice letting go of perfectionism
  20. Use energy management rather than just time management
  21. Create rituals that signal transitions between activities
  22. Implement “no technology” periods for mental rest
  23. Use body scanning to identify stress responses
  24. Create support networks for academic challenges
  25. Use anticipatory planning for high-stress periods

Long-term Motivation Strategies

  1. Connect coursework to personal values and goals
  2. Create a vision board for academic aspirations
  3. Use implementation intentions for study habits
  4. Practice connecting current work to future applications
  5. Create meaningful milestones to celebrate progress
  6. Use the Seinfeld strategy: “don’t break the chain”
  7. Practice identifying intrinsic rewards in learning
  8. Create personal learning challenges beyond assignments
  9. Use peer accountability for long-term projects
  10. Create a personal academic mission statement
  11. Practice reframing obstacles as learning opportunities
  12. Use visualization of future self using current knowledge
  13. Create meaningful connections with course material
  14. Use progress tracking for motivation maintenance
  15. Practice identifying personal learning strengths
  16. Create autonomy in learning through self-directed projects
  17. Use mentoring relationships for inspiration
  18. Create connections between different courses and concepts
  19. Practice deliberate learning with specific goals
  20. Use reflective journaling about learning progress
  21. Create small daily habits that support larger goals
  22. Use public commitments for accountability
  23. Practice identifying the bigger purpose in mundane tasks
  24. Create feedback loops for continuous improvement
  25. Use “if-then” planning for motivation obstacles

Academic Integrity

Understanding Plagiarism and Citation

  1. Learn to recognize different types of plagiarism
  2. Create a personal reference guide for your field’s citation style
  3. Practice paraphrasing while maintaining original meaning
  4. Use citation management software for consistency
  5. Create clear boundaries between notes and original text
  6. Practice proper attribution for digital and multimedia sources
  7. Use color-coding to distinguish source material from your ideas
  8. Create templates for different types of citations
  9. Practice identifying what requires citation versus common knowledge
  10. Use plagiarism detection tools before submission
  11. Create citation flowcharts for different source types
  12. Practice writing summaries with proper attribution
  13. Use clear quotation marks for exact language
  14. Create documentation trails during the research process
  15. Practice proper note-taking to prevent accidental plagiarism
  16. Use peer review specifically for citation correctness
  17. Create systematic approaches to organizing research
  18. Practice identifying citation errors in sample texts
  19. Use reference librarians for citation questions
  20. Create personal checklists for citation verification
  21. Practice proper attribution for collaborative work
  22. Use proper methods for self-citation of previous work
  23. Create clear systems for tracking source origin
  24. Practice ethical approaches to common knowledge determination
  25. Use departmental resources for field-specific citation questions

Maintaining Academic Integrity

  1. Create personal boundaries for collaborative work
  2. Practice ethical decision-making in academic scenarios
  3. Use clear communication with professors about expectations
  4. Create procedures for ethical handling of old exams
  5. Practice appropriate use of tutoring services
  6. Use proper attribution for all forms of assistance
  7. Create clear documentation of collaboration processes
  8. Practice ethical approaches to open-book assessments
  9. Use proper procedures for requesting extensions
  10. Create transparent communication about work challenges
  11. Practice identifying academic integrity gray areas
  12. Use institutional resources for ethical guidance
  13. Create personal standards beyond institutional minimums
  14. Practice proper conduct during remote assessments
  15. Use appropriate tools with professor permission
  16. Create clear boundaries with classmates during assessments
  17. Practice proper behavior during group assignments
  18. Use proper citation of online resources and AI tools
  19. Create proper disclosure of research limitations
  20. Practice data integrity in research and lab work
  21. Use ethical approaches to peer review processes
  22. Create appropriate documentation of research methods
  23. Practice responsible reporting of results including limitations
  24. Use transparency about methodological choices
  25. Create ethical approaches to intellectual property

Professor Interactions and Feedback

Effective Communication with Instructors

  1. Prepare specific questions before office hours
  2. Use email subject lines that include course number and topic
  3. Create a professional communication tone in all interactions
  4. Practice concise explanation of academic challenges
  5. Use appropriate documentation when requesting accommodations
  6. Create follow-up emails summarizing verbal discussions
  7. Practice active listening during instructor feedback
  8. Use specific examples when discussing course content
  9. Create appropriate boundaries in faculty relationships
  10. Practice identifying the best communication channel for different issues
  11. Use a problem-solution format when raising concerns
  12. Create proper salutations and closings in academic emails
  13. Practice articulating conceptual misunderstandings clearly
  14. Use proper procedures for grade discussions
  15. Create documentation of advice received during consultations
  16. Practice asking clarifying questions about assignment expectations
  17. Use thoughtful timing when approaching faculty
  18. Create proper requests for recommendation letters
  19. Practice professional communication in online forums
  20. Use appropriate level of formality in different contexts
  21. Create proper preparation for missed class discussions
  22. Practice explaining your thinking process when seeking help
  23. Use specific rather than general questions
  24. Create proper documentation of extension requests
  25. Practice expressing genuine intellectual curiosity in interactions

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