The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political change in France from 1789 to 1799. It marked the decline of an absolute monarchy and the rise of democracy, secularism, and Enlightenment ideals. One key figure during this tumultuous time was Marie Antoinette, the last queen of France before the revolution. Educating students about her life and her role in the revolution can help them gain a better understanding of this transformative era in history.
The Early Life of Marie Antoinette
Born in Austria in 1755 to Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I, Marie Antoinette was the youngest daughter among sixteen siblings. In 1770, at just fifteen years old, she married the future King Louis XVI of France as part of an alliance between Austria and France.
Marie Antoinette’s lavish lifestyle and perceived extravagance earned her many enemies among the French people. Rumors circulated that she spent vast sums on clothing, jewelry, and parties while ordinary citizens suffered from food shortages. One famous quote often attributed to her (although it is doubtful that she ever actually said it) is “Let them eat cake,” which supposedly followed news that French commoners could not afford bread.
Marie Antoinette’s Role in the French Revolution
As discontent with the ruling class grew among citizens, so too did their resentment towards Marie Antoinette. Newspapers derided her extravagant spending habits and claimed that she meddled in political affairs beyond her station. Many blamed her for France’s financial troubles, believing that she had enormous influence over Louis XVI.
While historians agree that both Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI bear some responsibility for causing the revolution due to their mismanagement of France, it is essential to teach students that their roles were more complicated than simply being poor rulers.
Facing Public Anger: The March on Versailles
In 1789, the Estates General were convened to address the financial crisis. The meeting, however, failed to resolve any of the issues. In October of that year, a crowd of thousands stormed the Palace of Versailles, forcing Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to relocate to the Tuileries Palace in Paris.
The Downfall
In 1791, the royal family attempted to flee France. However, they were captured and forced to return to Paris. This failed escape attempt further fueled anger among the revolutionaries and led to increased calls for an end to the monarchy.
Marie Antoinette’s Arrest and Execution
In August 1792, the monarchy was officially abolished, and two months later, the royal family was imprisoned. Louis XVI was executed by guillotine on January 21, 1793. In October 1793, Marie Antoinette faced trial and was also sentenced to death; she was executed by guillotine on October 16th.
