Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an influential philosopher of the 18th century, believed in the concept of the “state of nature,” which refers to a hypothetical situation where individuals exist without any form of social or political institution. Teaching students about Rousseau’s state of nature is crucial, as it allows them to understand the fundamental principles upon which the social contract theory is based.
To introduce the concept of the state of nature in the classroom, teachers must first provide a historical context for Rousseau’s philosophy. Students can be informed of the Enlightenment period, where many figures such as Locke, Montesquieu, and Voltaire began to question long-held beliefs about society and government. In this context, Rousseau’s idea of the natural state is a departure from the traditional assumptions of human behavior.
Students can then be directed to read Rousseau’s essay, “Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men,” where he argues that individuals, in their natural state, were born free and equal. According to Rousseau, society is the cause of inequality, as people began to hoard resources and make claims to private property. This gives rise to social hierarchies, which ultimately lead to conflict and oppression.
It is essential to focus on Rousseau’s key ideas, such as the notion of the “noble savage,” which posits that humans were initially peaceful, cooperative, and independent. Rousseau believed that civilization is a corrupting force that tames individuals and their natural inclinations. He believed that freedom was the fundamental value that allowed individuals to pursue their passions and interests without interference from others.
Another critical aspect to highlight is Rousseau’s belief in the general will, which states that the common good of society is the highest priority. This concept is evident in Rousseau’s political theories, where he advocated for a form of direct democracy, where citizens act collectively to ensure that the needs of all are met. Students can discuss how this contrasts with other political theories, such as authoritarianism and liberal democracy.
Teaching students about Rousseau’s state of nature also involves examining its limitations and criticisms. Some philosophers argue that Rousseau’s natural state is a myth, and that humans have always lived in organized societies. Others criticize his belief in the innate goodness of humans, pointing out that history is rife with examples of violence, greed, and oppression.
