The spoils system, a defining element of American politics in the 19th century, is an essential topic for students to understand as they explore the unfolding of our nation’s political history. This article aims to provide educators with approaches and resources for teaching the spoils system in an engaging and meaningful way.
Understanding the Spoils System
The spoils system was a practice in which political party leaders would reward their supporters with government jobs and other benefits. In essence, it was a form of political patronage where loyalty to the party took precedence over qualifications or expertise. The term “spoils” is derived from the phrase “to the victor belongs the spoils,” illustrating that those who win elections are entitled to distribute government positions among their allies.
Teaching the Spoils System in Context
To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the spoils system, educators can begin by exploring its origins during Andrew Jackson’s presidency in the 1820s. Consider supplementing your lesson with primary sources like Jackson’s inaugural addresses and letters to demonstrate his commitment to rewarding political supporters.
Next, discuss the implications of the spoils system on government efficiency and corruption. Show your students how unqualified individuals were often appointed to crucial positions, leading to mismanagement, incompetence, and widespread corruption. A famous example is William Marcy “Boss” Tweed of Tammany Hall, who used his position to amass personal wealth through illegal activities.
A hands-on activity could illustrate to students how the spoils system functioned during this time. Divide your class into two groups representing different political parties and have them debate public policies. After “winning” a debate, allow one group to hire their members for important roles within government simulations.
Integrating Opposition and Reforms
Teach your students about various attempts made throughout history to reform or abolish the spoils system and replace it with merit-based appointments. Focus on the push for civil service reforms leading up to the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883, which established federal positions required to pass competency exams.
The role of President Garfield’s assassination should also be covered in your lesson. Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker who believed he was owed a government position, assassinated the President in 1881. This event led to increased public outrage and ultimately resulted in more support for civil service reforms.
Challenging Students to Reflect on the Legacy
To wrap up your lesson, encourage students to consider how the spoils system has influenced modern-day politics. Ask them to research instances of patronage or political favoritism within current administrations and compare these occurrences with historical examples.
In conclusion, teaching students about the spoils system is crucial for helping them understand how American politics has evolved over time. By utilizing engaging methods and using primary resources, educators can facilitate meaningful discussions and provide students with a comprehensive understanding of this significant aspect of our nation’s history.
