Introduction
The Parthenon, a masterpiece of ancient Greek architecture, was built on the Acropolis in Athens between 447 and 432 BCE. It remains a symbol of classical beauty and an eternal testament to the creative genius of its architects, Iktinos and Kallikrates. To better appreciate this architectural marvel, it is essential to teach students about its history, its architects, and the role it played in ancient Greece.
I. Origins of the Parthenon
1. The historical context
– The Parthenon was built during the Golden Age of Athens under the leadership of Pericles.
– It was dedicated to the goddess Athena, the patron deity of Athens.
- Replacement of an older temple
– The Parthenon replaced an older temple destroyed by the Persians during their invasion in 480 BCE.
II. Iktinos and Kallikrates: The Master Architects
1. Iktinos
– A leading architect during his time with significant contributions to classical Greek architecture.
– Designer of several other notable structures like Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae.
2. Kallikrates
– Another prominent architect known for his works in sacred temples.
– Designer of Temple of Nike Apteros at the Acropolis.
3. Collaboration on the Parthenon
– Both architects worked together on the Parthenon design, showcasing their talent, expertise, and precision.
III. Architectural Elements and Innovations
1. Doric order
– The Parthenon is an excellent example of a Doric temple, with massive columns devoid of ornamentation.
2. Optical refinements
– Subtle inward curves in base rectification.
– Slight outward curves on column shafts to prevent visual sagging.
3. Sculptural decorations
– The Parthenon is adorned with breathtaking sculptures, such as the East pediment depicting the birth of Athena or the West pediment illustrating the contest between Athena and Poseidon.
4. Integration of sculpture and architecture
– Statue of Athena Parthenos, created by Phidias, was housed within the temple.
V. Teaching Strategies and Resources
1. Classroom activities
– Teachers can use 3D models, floor plans, and interactive simulations to help students visualize and understand the Parthenon’s architecture.
– Assigning group projects in which students create presentations about Iktinos, Kallikrates, or individual aspects of the Parthenon.
2. Field trips
– Visiting local museums with Greek art collections or planning a trip to Athens for an immersive experience.
3. Use of multimedia resources
– Teachers can use documentaries, video lectures, and online courses that focus on ancient Greek architecture.
Conclusion
The Parthenon is a timeless icon of ancient Greece and its exquisite architecture. Introducing students to Iktinos and Kallikrates’ contributions provides them with an appreciation for the creative mastery behind this iconic landmark. By employing various teaching strategies and resources, educators can inspire a newfound fascination for classical architecture and its enduring significance in our world today.
